Ted Bundy Essays - Ted Bundy, Necrophiles, Serial Killer, Ted

Ted Bundy Essays - Ted Bundy, Necrophiles, Serial Killer, Ted Ted Bundy Ted Bundy's Trail of Terror From the Beginning of Taking Life Until The End of His Sequential executioners will in general be white hetero guys in their twenties and thirties. While it is difficult to foresee who will end up being a sequential executioner there are attributes that have all the earmarks of being comparative in all executioners. These practices incorporate mercilessness to creatures, bedwetting, lying, medication and liquor misuse, and a background marked by savagery. As indicated by Robert Ressler et al., sequential manslaughter includes the homicide of isolated of independent casualties with time breaks between casualties, as negligible as two days to weeks or months. These time breaks are alluded to as a chilling period. Since manslaughters including numerous casualties is step by step getting increasingly ordinary, and to encourage a comprehension of the previously mentioned definition, it is useful to separate sequential homicide from different kinds of murder, for example, mass homicide, which involves,four or more casualties killed inside a brief timeframe range, and binge killings, which Ressler et al. characterizes as a progression of consecutive crimes associated with one occasion carried out over a timespan of hours to days and without a chilling period. Ted Bundy is one of the most noticeably awful sequential executioners ever. His withdrawn character and maniacal character made him dreaded the nation over. After everything was said and done Ted abandoned a path of grisly slayings that incorporated the passings of 36 young ladies and spread over through four states. The greatest inquiry in numerous individuals' psyche was how would someone be able to as intelligent,highly practiced, and applauded as Bundy do something like this? Theodore Robert Bundy was conceived November 24th, 1946 in Burlinton, Vermont to a multi year old mother. Ted's mother never revealed to him much about his dad aside from that he was in the military and they had just dated a couple of times. Ted was left in child care for two months while his mother and guardians chose how to manage him. In 1946 an ill-conceived youngster was very looked downward on by society. When they chose to keep Ted his grandparents told everybody he was their embraced child. Ted knew who his natural mother was, yet untouchables were informed that she was his sister. Ted revered his granddad. His granddad was likewise especially enamored with Ted. He stayed outdoors and angling trips he and his granddad would go on. Other relatives portray his granddad as a grumpy dictator. He was bigot, narrow minded, and a stickler. He anticipated that everybody should satisfy his needs. His granddad was additionally loudly oppressive toward other relatives and genuinely harsh toward his better half. He likewise genuinely abused creatures including the family pet. Ted's grandma experienced sorrow. It got so terrible that she was in the end rewarded with electroshock treatment. She likewise experienced agoraphobia and never went out. At the point when Ted was three years of age, his Aunt, age 15, said she stirred to discover him slipping butcher blades into the bed adjacent to her under the spreads. She advised him to leave and took the blades back. She said nobody in the family took care of this. (Time Life) The more seasoned Ted got, it turned out to be increasingly hard to shroud his family's personality and his mystery mother. With this his mom moved to Washington where she met and wedded John Bundy. At the time Ted was four years of age. He was received by John and his unexperienced parents had four youngsters together. From the earliest starting point Ted did well in school. His instructors praised him on his passing marks. Be that as it may, they additionally remarked on Ted's powerlessness to control his savage temper. Companions review Ted as one who might for the most part keep away from battles, however when incited could detonate with alarming savagery and outrage. Ted was dynamic in Boy Scouts and went to chapel routinely. He likewise held low maintenance work and made magnificent evaluations. Ted simply dated once during secondary school and was portrayed as modest. It was around this time Ted started escaping the house and peeping into windows. He turned into a Peeping Tom. He every so often debilitated a lady's vehicle to make her increasingly defenseless, without really doing anything to her(Time Life). He found these practices explicitly stimulating and jerked off while doing them.

Mayan Culture Free Essays

Current Mayan culture has its underlying foundations in an old culture. Antiquated Mayan human progress crossed over 3000 years and highlighted a composed language, agribusiness, an all around requested social class framework, an all around created strict framework, improvement of a schedule and exchange. A significant part of the antiquated convention and culture has endure and been joined into the cutting edge Mayan culture. We will compose a custom paper test on Mayan Culture or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Religion Mayan religion is a half and half of Christianity and old Mayan convictions and customs. The sixteenth century church, a focal establishment during the time spent victory, set the pace of things to come relationship by attempting to supplant Mayan religion with Spanish Christianity and to Hispanicize Mayan culture when all is said in done. (Stoll, 2003) Albeit a large number of their Gods have been supplanted with sculptures of Christianity, the tales scarcely take after the Christian forms. Today, passionate Maya venerate at mountain and cavern places of worship, making contributions of chickens, candles and incense with a custom mixed beverage. The Maya are an exceptionally offbeat individuals and have innumerable notions in regards to occasions in develop which admonish the onlooker of ailment, calamity, and passing. Shaman/daykeepers keep tally of the multi day custom schedule and give mending by distinguishing curses and affronted predecessors, including seeds and precious stones in their divinations, and performing curando ceremonies. Marriage Mayan marriage isn't prearranged by the family, in spite of the fact that in old occasions it was acknowledged practice. In the more conventional towns, the youngster should even now approach the dad for his little girls turn in marriage and certain ceremonies are followed. There is a customary commitment and weddingâ ritual move that numerous Maya use in their wedding functions. Most youthful wedded couples will live with either set of guardians until they can start a family all alone. The normal marriage period of Maya individuals is 16 for females and 19 for guys. Not many Maya stay unmarried as family and kids are critical to the Maya. Family Family is a significant piece of Maya culture. The normal Maya family will have 6-8 kids and most love birds include their first kid inside a time of marriage. In the household life of the Maya, family ties are solid, albeit outward shows of love, for example, kissing and grasping, are uncommon. Couples are viewed as friendly in the event that they do their separate obligations loyally. To their children, be that as it may, the Maya are illustrative and pet and touch them, utilizing infant talk as white guardians do. It is obvious that most guardians are attached to their kids. Rarely do fathers chide their youngsters truly and the moms resort to brutal discipline just occasionally.â â (Steggerda, 1941, p. 49) Food Production Strategies A considerable lot of the Mayan despite everything live a lot of the manner in which they did when the Europeans came, weaving, developing corn and beans and gathering kindling to cook and warmth their adobe houses. Power and street get to have not changed the nearby conventions. Corn, which was developed by the old Mayans, remains the fundamental yield. Most ranchers despite everything utilize the slice and consume strategy for cultivating utilized by their precursors. Different systems are share editing and leasing area to develop corn crops. The Maya structure gatherings of up to twenty men, typically family, lease an enormous real estate parcel, and partition it among themselves. In spite of the fact that this course of action is greatly liked to wage work on the manors, it  requires a base measure of capital for transportation, food, devices, seed, etc, and ability in managing the Ladino world. Many do not have these assets and are constrained into the biggest of the transitory transient streams. (Mid, 1982, p. 88) Outside Contact The Maya, as a great many people who live in little and homogeneous gatherings where solid social controls work, are traditionalist and unevolved. Slow to take up new thoughts, their perspectives and their material culture have been almost no changed by present day patterns and mechanical turns of events. Their earthenware, weaving, and cross-fasten work have stayed particularly the equivalent during the whole history of Yucatan. All in all, they have not embraced the Spanish language yet rather the Spaniards have received the Maya language. Their method of dress has not changed considerably for many years, and it is my conviction that their every day life is fundamentally the same as that which their progenitors drove. Just in the huge Yucatan towns and urban areas, where social contacts are more liberated and where social controls can't be kept up as firmly as in the littler networks, are there indications of progress. In such towns the European method of dress is progressively being received, particularly by the ladies, and makeup are regularly utilized. The individuals appeal the administration for radios, electric lights, and corn-pounding machines, and progress is increasing a hold in their brains. The helpful development and comparative present day strategies for financial association are being attempted. (Steggerda, 1941, p. 37) In Belize, the establishing of the Maya Village Indigenous Experience is endeavoring to change the constrained outside contact of the Maya culture by presenting it to the travel industry. They want to carry cash to the networks and improve the personal satisfaction in the towns. (Steinberg, 2004) Numerous other Mayan people group are following this model with an end goal to turn out to be increasingly present day however they keep up the old customs and convictions, much like current New Orleans. These five ideas show the history and continuing on culture of the Mayan individuals. Conventions with religion and family give a rich foundation to give to the people to come. While they are attempting to enter the cutting edge age, huge numbers of the more customary Maya see no issue with the way of life they as of now have. Living in the United States, innovation is promptly accessible and the vast majority are skilled at utilizing it. Things we underestimate, for example, phones, PCs, TV, and vehicles are delayed to advance into the more country regions of the Maya culture yet they live full lives without these things. This is an immense culture distinction in light of the fact that most Americans don't accept they can live without innovation. The family custom is likewise endlessly unique. Americans carry on with an a lot quicker paced life and numerous things must be adjusted: work, youngsters, marriage. Mayan ladies are customary homemakers and Mayan men do the overwhelming work. American ladies do a large number of the substantial work occupations and very few individuals can bear to remain at home with the kids full time. The two societies have pro’s and con’s to their way of life and culture yet both are ever changing and adjusting to their general surroundings. Both understand the significance of religion inside a culture and proceeding with the race through kids. The United States, nonetheless, isn't one culture yet hundreds and this gives it an exceptional foundation. It is considerably more fluctuated than the antiquated Mayan history the advanced Maya despite everything develop. References Early, J. D. (1982). The Demographic Structure and Evolution of a Peasant System: The Guatemalan Population. Boca Raton, FL: University Presses of Florida. Steggerda, M. (1941). Maya Indians of Yucatan. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Steinberg, M. K. (1994, Summer). The travel industry Development and Indigenous People: The Maya Experience in Southern Belize. Center, 44, 17+. Recovered June 08, 2007, from Questia database: https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-19897117/the travel industry advancement and-indigenous-individuals the-maya Stoll, D. (2003). Dow, James W. Alan R. Dust storm (Eds). Blessed Saints and Fiery Preachers: The Anthropology of Protestantism in Mexico and Central America. Diary of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 9(3), 595+. Recovered June 09, 2007 Step by step instructions to refer to Mayan Culture, Essay models

The Art of the Literary Analysis Essay

The Art of the Literary Analysis EssayAn essay analysis is a very important part of your writing, as it goes hand in hand with the introduction of your essay. Writing an essay in the beginning is not just a formal writing task, but it should also involve an analysis of your own thoughts and analysis of the intended audience's needs.You may think that in writing an essay you are confined to a pre-conceived outline. However, that is not necessarily the case. A literary analysis is also done on the planned outline, but it is done to arrive at the conclusion of the essay. In addition, a literary analysis must also show a broader perspective on the whole essay, or for example, the entire thesis statement of the essay can be analyzed.The fact that an essay has to deal with other people's life is also what sets it apart from other types of essay in which the focus is generally more on the individual's life. An essay writer is typically advised to present the topic as a whole, not in a vacuu m, and it is something that you would need to address in your own style. For example, if you will be writing a study essay, you would have to write about how the academic debate of the day has affected the direction of their life. With this in mind, you can now take a look at the outline for a literary analysis essay.The first thing that you have to do is to write down the outline of the essay in its entirety. This can be done in one sitting, but it is better to get it all in writing first, even if it means that you have to sit down for a long time at the start.When you have created a rough outline in written form, you can start writing down the sentence structure, the heading and the body of the essay. You also have to make sure that all the paragraphs have been properly finished so that when you begin to rewrite the essay, you will know what you are working with.The literary analysis should include the reason for the essay, the main thesis of the essay, what is being said, and why the conclusion should be reached. In addition, the essay needs to be written in a format that is easy to read. One way of achieving this is to use plain, unadorned language.Of course, you must think and write about the particular problem of the person reading the essay. As a writer, you should only try to bring out what they want to be seen, heard and read about, and avoid spelling mistakes, unnecessary redundancies, or using other styles that may be deemed inappropriate by the person who is reading your essay.The literary analysis must show the intended audience, but should also focus on the audience itself. In fact, the entire outline will be made up of the literary analysis, which will be presented in a more effective way in this manner.

Why Are We Ticklish The Scientific Explanation

The phenomenon of ticklishness has puzzled scientists and philosophers for decades. From social bonding to survival, researchers have offered a wide range of theories to explain this peculiar bodily quirk. Opposing Theories Charles Darwin  argued that the mechanism behind ticklishness is similar to the way we laugh in response to a funny joke. In both cases, he contended, one must be â€Å"light† state of mind in order to respond with laughter. Sir Francis Bacon made an opposing claim when he said on the subject of tickling,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"...[W]e see that men even in a grieved state of mind, yet cannot sometimes forbear laughing. The opposing theories of Darwin and Bacon reflect some of the contemporary conflicts that exist in research on tickling today. Tickling as Social Bonding Tickling may function as a form of social bonding, especially for a parent and child. University of Maryland neuroscientist Robert Provine, who considers ticklishness to be â€Å"one of the broadest and deepest subjects in science,†Ã‚  says that the laughter response to being tickled is activated within the first few months of life and that tickling as a form of play helps newborns connect with parents.   Its also possible that the horseplay and other games involving tickling help us hone our ability to defend ourselves — a kind of casual combat training. This view is supported by the fact that the regions of the body that happen to be most ticklish, such as the armpits, ribs, and inner thighs, are also areas that are particularly vulnerable to attack. Tickling as a Reflex Research into the physical response to tickling has led to conclusions that conflict with the social bonding hypothesis. The social bonding hypothesis really starts to fall apart when one considers those who find the experience of being tickled unpleasant. A study conducted by psychologists at the University of California in San Diego found that subjects can experience an equal degree of ticklishness regardless of whether they believe they are being tickled by a machine or a human. From these findings,  the authors drew the conclusion that being ticklish is more likely a reflex than anything else. If ticklishness is  a reflex, why can’t we tickle ourselves? Even Aristotle asked himself this question. Neuroscientists at  University College London used brain mapping  to study the impossibility of self-tickling. They determined that the region of the brain responsible for coordinating movements, known as the cerebellum, can read your intentions and even predict exactly where on the body an attempt to self-tickle will occur. This mental process prevents out the intended tickle effect. Types of Ticklishness Just as there is wide variation to where and the degree in which a person is ticklish, there are more than one type of tickle. Knismesis is the light, gentle tickling felt when someone runs a feather across the surface of the skin. It does not typically induce laughter and can be described as irritating and slightly itchy. Conversely, gargalesis is a more intense sensation triggered by aggressive tickling and usually provokes audible laughter and squirming. Gargalesis is the type of tickling used for play and other social interactions. Scientists speculate  that each type of tickle produces markedly different sensations because the signals are sent through separate nerve pathways. Ticklish Animals Humans are not the only animals with a tickle response. Experiments in rats  have shown that tickling rodents can trigger inaudible vocalizations that are akin to laughter. A closer measurement of their brain activity using electrodes even revealed where the rats are most ticklish: along the belly and the bottoms of the feet. However, the researchers found that the rats who were put in a stressful situation did not have the same response to being tickled, which suggests that Darwins light state of mind theory might not be totally off base. For the human population, the explanation for the tickle response remains elusive, tickling away at our curiosity.  Ã‚   Key Takeaways The phenomenon of ticklishness has not yet been conclusively explained. Multiple theories to explain the phenomenon exist, and research is ongoing.The social bonding theory suggests the tickle response developed to facilitate social bonding between parents and newborns. A similar theory posits that ticklishness is a self-defense instinct.The reflex theory states that the tickle response is a reflex that is not affected by identity of the tickler.There are two different types of tickle sensations: knismesis and gargalesis.  Other animals experience the tickle response, too. Scientists have found that rats emit an inaudible vocalization akin to laughter when they are tickled. Sources Bacon, Francis, and Basil Montagu.  The Works Of Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor Of England. Murphy, 1887. Harris, Christine R., and Nicholas Christenfeld. Humour, Tickle, And The Darwin-Hecker Hypothesis.  Cognition Emotion, vol 11, no. 1, 1997, pp. 103-110. Harris, Christine. The Mystery Of Ticklish Laughter.  American Scientist, vol 87, no. 4, 1999, p. 344. Holmes, Bob.  Science: It’S The Tickle Not The Tickler.  New Scientist, 1997, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15320712-300-science-its-the-tickle-not-the-tickler/. Osterath,  Brigitte.  Playful rats reveal brain region that drives ticklishness.  Nature News, 2016. ​Provine, Robert R. Laughing, Tickling, And The Evolution Of Speech And Self.  Current Directions In Psychological Science, vol 13, no. 6, 2004, pp. 215-218.

The Effects Of Diabetes On Body Uses Blood Sugar Essay

Diabetes mellitus is refered to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it is an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Having diabetes, it does not matter the type, means there is an excessive amount of glucose in the blood, although the causes may differ, high levels of glucose can lead to serious health problems. The actual term diabetes is that the body is unable to produce any or enough insulin, which causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are both similar the structure of the autoimmune disease but differ from each other in that type 1 is an acute dysfunction of the pancreas usually occurring at a young age, and type 2 is progressive due to increasing inability of cells to respond to insulin, usually due to life style. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes begins with production of antibodies which leads to the death of beta cells then a decline in insulin secretion. Type 1 diabetes occurs as a result of the body s immune system attacking theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Blood Drugs1658 Words   |  7 PagesHow is blood sugar controlled with medicine There are several types of medicines to treat diabetes. The following is a list including a short description. Sulfonylureas: Treatment for type 2 diabetes in people with beta cells that still are producing insulin. Beta cells reside in the pancreas, their function is the storing and release of insulin. Sulfonylureas stimulate the release of insulin but do not reduce insulin resistance. Biguanides: Treatment for type 2 diabetes. Reducing the amount ofRead MoreThere Are Many Individuals That Strive For Balance Which1562 Words   |  7 Pagesin their lives. There is a disease that is the fastest growing in the world which is diabetes. Diabetes is a disease where sugar builds up in a person’s blood, and it can also have an effect on people’s daily life and can occur in an individual for many reasons like due to when the insulin production is unbeneficial or the body s cells do not make enough sugar, obesity, or eating none nutritional food. â€Å"Diabetes is the most serious and deadly condition. Currently, this is the fifth leading causeRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Diabetes1573 Words   |  7 Pagesexpenses (â€Å"10 Things you Might Not Know about Diabetes†). So, how can we avoid it? 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Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high or too low. When someone has diabetes and lacks insulinRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Lifelong Disease935 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease that lessens the body’s ability to use energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. People with diabetes cannot break down the sugars and carbohydrates found in food. The main type of sugar the body uses for energy is glucose; Glucose is the special sugar that fuels the cells in your body. These cells also need insulin, which is a hormone that uses glucose to tu rn into energy for cells. With

Female Athletes And Male Athletes - 1390 Words

It’s pretty clear that in today’s society males are the dominate figure in sports. Unlike female athletes, men receive a tremendous amount of media attention than female athletes. Young boys grow up watching television bombarded with heroic images of male athletes. They have something to look up to, while young girls do not receive the same images. Male and female athletes have many equal opportunities when it comes to playing and succeeding in sports. Yet it seems that male sports happen to catch more of the limelight when it comes to the media and the publicity they receive for the athletics performances. Women have been fighting this battle against the media for many years now. The problem is that women athletes are portrayed as sex symbols and are not taken seriously as athletes. Female athletes make up 40 percent of sports participants nationally, but only received 8 percent of the entire sports coverage. With that being said, this literature review examines how th e sports portray the female athlete compared to how the media represents them. Since the 20th century, female athletes have made enormous strides to improve their status. Prior to these efforts and achievements, female athletes had to play in much poorer facilities under different rules and with stricter dress codes than male athletes. Society also ignored and discriminated against female athletes. This discrimination portrayed them as masculine rather than feminine due to the sport they play and the picturesShow MoreRelatedFemale Athletes And Male Athletes1741 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be the case, there is no doubt that female athletes are far from considered equal as compared to male athletes in modern sports. In today’s sports society, women athletes are still discriminated against based on lower salaries, less media coverage, and lack of opportunity. Female athletes are discriminated against in modern sports because they have lower salaries than the male athletes. Over the years the wage gap between male and female athletes has increased tremendously. The wage gapRead MoreComparison Essay: Female Versus Male Athletes989 Words   |  4 Pages Why do female athletes receive less media coverage than male athletes? Male athletes dominate professional sport that airs on television. The media easily overlooks female athletes except during occasion like the Winter Olympics. The articles Media Coverage of Women’s Sports is Important (Lopiano, 2008) and Take Back the Sports Page? (Sommers, 2010) acknowledge factors that determine the amount of media coverage female athletes receive. [Lopiano and Sommers address this issue in regards to mediaRead MoreSports And Male Domination : The Female Athlete As Contested Ideological Terrain998 Words   |  4 PagesWith the rise of feminism, gender inequality has been quite the topic in todays time. With the wanting of equal rights and treatment it has been pointed out as per which all places males have the hegemonic overview and women are the oppressed; one of the areas where its unequal in gender is in sport. This paper will examine and break down the issues regarding sex and gender biases within sports in modern day media and how it can be resolved. Over the course of time, sports have come to signify masculinity;Read MoreGender Stereotyping Of Sports Media1743 Words   |  7 PagesGender stereotyping in sports media is something we see everyday in magazines and on TV. Since sports were invented, males have dominated one of Canada’s largest pastimes. Reasons for this being physicality and strength, but as time progressed women began to become more involved in the culture of sport. Today there is almost an equal amount of women participating in sports as man, yet women are still not being represented with the same approach as men. About a month ago I found a video onlineRead MoreTraining the Female Athlete Essay632 Words   |  3 Pages Training the Female Athlete In this Podcast, Peter Melanson interviews Diane Vives – director of Vives Training Systems in Austin, Texas, on training female athletes. Peter asks Diane a series of questions in regards to female athletes versus male athletes on how to train better, the differences between training, and the types of injuries caused from the training between men and women athletes. Diane answers with questions with research and studies thatRead MoreGender Inequality : Sport Is Becoming Popular1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important socio-cultural learning experiences for males and females. Sports provide an amazing release for people of all ages. People are requested and welcomed to play sports at any age. Sometimes there are many limitations due to personal reason that restrain people from participating in sport such as money, peer pressure, location, etc. For the last century males are expected to be strong, independent, and athletic. Male athletes masculinity symbolize an image of p hysical health, and sexualRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports For Females And Females1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important socio-cultural learning experiences for males and females. Sports provide an amazing release for people of all ages. People are requested and welcomed to play sports at any age. Sometimes there are many limitations due to personal reasons that restrain people from participating in sport such as money, peer pressure, location, etc. For the last century males are expected to be strong, independent, and athletic. Male athletes masculinity symbolizes an image of physical health, and sexualRead MoreDrug and Alcohol Use by Student Athletes Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesDrug and Alcohol Use by Student Athletes The topic that I have chosen is student athletes use of drugs and alcohol. Im interested to see if the old theory that student athletes tend to stay away from these things still holds true today. From my own personal experience as a former high school and college football player, I doubt that this is true. Id also like to find some studies that may compare student athletes to the general student body to see if there is a correlation of usage betweenRead MoreThe Gendered Discourse On Female Athletes And Coaches871 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the Gendered Discourse on Female Athletes and Coaches I once had a soccer coach who told me to â€Å"man up† when I came off the soccer field with a swollen, black eye. He asked me if I was going to â€Å"cry like a girl† or get back in my position on the field. Being a fourteen year old girl, I cried. But I returned to the field and continued playing. From recreation league to intercollegiate athletics, the one thing my coaches had in common was that they were male. I play on various teams: soccerRead MoreStudent Athletes Are Stereotyped And Academic Performance1407 Words   |  6 Pagesarea student-athletes are stereotyped is academic performance. As part of the dumb jock stereotype, student-athletes are seen as being academically inept. That is not always the case, however, as college athletes can perform at the same or higher level than their nonathlete peers. In a classic study examining athletes’ academic performance, Adler Adler (1985) used participant observation to study a major college basketball program for four years. These scholars found that many athletes actually â€Å"enter

A Critique Of Philosophical Approaches To Criminal Justice Reform Essay Example For Students

A Critique Of Philosophical Approaches To Criminal Justice Reform Essay People are arrested every day in the United States. They are put on probation or sent to jail, and sometimes they are let out on parole; there are millions of people affected. In 1995 alone there were over five million people under some form of correctional supervision, and the number is steadily increasing. The incarceration rate is skyrocketing: the number of prison inmates per 100,000 people has risen from 139 in 1980 to 411 in 1995. This is an immense financial burden on the country. Federal expenditure for correctional institutions alone increased 248% from 1982 to 1992. Obviously something has to be changed in the justice system. If the crime rate is rising this much, the correctional justice system isnt functioning properly, and needs to be reformed. Many people have offered theories as to what should be done with the prison system, the extremes being retributivism and the therapeutic model, but what they all seem to have overlooked is that there is no single system that works for everyone. Blanket generalizations as to the nature of the criminal mind cannot be made. Every criminal is different, with different motivations and different psychological characteristics so that different things are required to make them repent or deter them from further criminal activity, and I believe that the solutions offered are not enough to lower the crime rate and prison population. Something needs to be done on a more fundamental level so that fewer people turn to crime in the first place, thereby providing the prison system with the freedom to improve the attention it gives to the people that do become criminals; my solution is a combination of economic reform and educational opportunity that would give people less reason to commit crimes. The extreme right reform proposition, retributivism, is flawed mainly because it seems to assume that showing people that what theyve done is wrong will always accomplish something, and that every prisoner can be shown that his crime was a moral wrong. This is not the case for many prisoners. There are people who steal and sell drugs simply because they have no other means of survival. There are people whose lives in the outside world are so terribly difficult that for them, prison life is a cushier existence than their ordinary day-to-day existence, and many of these people intentionally commit crimes so they will be arrested and thrown in jail, simply so that they can get a decent meal and a bed. For these people, even if they feel that their criminal existence is indeed a moral wrong, prison does nothing to make them repent or change their way of life. They have no choice but to steal or to sell drugs, because they have to make a living somehow, and if this is the only way they ca n do it then prison time will not change the way they see things. Also, there are criminals who either do not see or do not believe that what they are doing is a moral wrong, and no amount of punishment can convince them that they shouldnt have done what they did. If they reject the categorical imperative, no punishment can change their minds; prison time is then a waste for them as well. They committed their crimes without fear of punishment, and they will continue to commit crimes after they are released, and they dont feel any remorse. What then is the point in putting these people in jail? They are simply taking up space. Something else must be done to keep these types of people from committing criminal acts. The extreme left proposition, or therapeutic model, is also flawed. Believing that criminal behavior is a psychological disorder that can be treated through therapy may be true in some cases, but certainly it cannot be proven to hold true for all. The same group of people I mentioned before is an exception to the therapeutic rule: people whose lives depend on drug sales and theft will not be changed by psychological treatment. They simply do what they have to do, and after they are released from therapy, they will go back to stealing, because they have no other way to earn a living. Then there are people who cannot be cured by any amount of psychological therapy. They will sit through the counseling sessions, perhaps play along with the therapists games, but once released, they will r?sum? their criminal habits. And even among those who can be positively affected by psychological treatments, there are so many different psychological disorders and personal idiosyncrasies that no singl e treatment plan can cure all of them. Another argument against the therapeutic model of criminal justice is this: people pay thousands of dollars a year to see psychiatrists, completely of their own accord. If people are willing to pay for this, why should they avoid committing a crime, if the only punishment they are likely to receive is psychological treatment? The therapeutic model is not only a poor deterrent, it has the potential to increase the crime rate. Psychiatric treatment is expensive. If one could obtain counseling for free simply by getting oneself thrown in jail, I think that many people would do so without hesitation. People who would otherwise commit no crimes could very well choose to do something they wouldnt otherwise think of. Obviously the therapeutic model is no solution. Other people propose a solution combining the retributive and therapeutic models of justice, which is more of a utilitarian view. They would have criminals sent to jail for their crimes, and given psychological counseling while incarcerated. This is a nice idea in theory, and the most reasonable proposition in my opinion, but the simple fact is that prisons are too overcrowded to give each prisoner the treatment he deserves. There are too many prisoners and not enough money. As a blanket solution to the problem of criminal justice reform, I agree that the utilitarian view of prisons is the most desirable policy, and that our justice system as it is now leaves a lot to be desired, but I believe that the greatest concern is not how to change criminals once theyve already been arrested, but how to prevent them from becoming criminals in the first place. My proposition is for society, as well as the government, to turn its attention away from prison reform and focus instead on the issues that lead people to adopt a criminal lifestyle. There are distinct environmental factors that are correlated with criminal behavior. In 1991 a third of all inmates in state prisons had bee n unemployed prior to their arrest, and of those who had held jobs, one fourth had only part-time jobs. In local jails 36% had been unemployed, 20% looking unsuccessfully for a job and 16% not even trying. Many of these inmates are uneducated as well: only 59% of state prison inmates had a high school diploma or its equivalent, and in local jails, this percentage dropped to a mere 54% of inmates. Two thirds of prisoners rank in the bottom two of five levels used to score the National Adult Literacy Test, compared to less than half of non-incarcerated adults; inmates are, more often than average non-incarcerated adults, less educated than their parents, and the parents of inmates are generally less educated than the parents of non-incarcerated adults in the same age range. These statistics cannot be chalked up to coincidence alone. Obviously theres a connection between education and employment opportunities and criminality. Uneducated people, and those who cannot find a job for whate ver reason, seem to be far more likely to turn to a criminal lifestyle than those with an education and a job. What I think is then the solution to the problem of skyrocketing crime rates and prison populations is increased attention to education and economic equality. Investment in Russia EssayPhilosophy